Policies
Retractions and Corrections
How corrections, retractions, and pre-publication withdrawals are recorded.
Corrections
Material errors that do not invalidate the work are addressed through a clearly identified erratum or corrigendum linked to the version of record.
Retractions
Retraction may be used for serious ethical or academic violations or where findings are no longer reliable. The retraction notice states the reason and remains linked to the original record.
Withdrawals
A manuscript may be withdrawn before publication where a valid justification is provided and editorial requirements are satisfied. Published content is not silently removed.